| Degrees | Professional Experience | Honors and Awards | Publications |
| Other Publications | Presentations | Grants Received | Records & Cassettes |
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2001-2002 Fulbright Scholar, Arava Institute
for Environmental Studies, Ketura, Israel. Taught sustainable and development
techniques to graduate and undergraduate students from around the Middle East.
1997- 2006 Director, Center for
Economic and Environmental Development, Allegheny
College, Meadville, PA. Created CEED and was responsible for fundraising, budgeting, publicity, and administration of nine projects, 14 directors, and 247 community partners. CEED engages Allegheny College students, faculty and the community in partnerships to achieve environmental stewardship and creative regional revitalization. CEED promotes sustainable forestry, agriculture, energy, land use, curriculum, and industry. Work with artists and planners to create a sustainable vision for the future.
2001- Professor of Environmental Science, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA.
1994-2001 Associate Professor of Environmental Science, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA.
1989-1998 Chair, Environmental Science Department, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA. Responsible for administration, budgeting, and curriculum as department grew from 1.5 FTE, 2% of college majors to 6 FTE, 3 staff, 13% of majors, second largest major in college.
1987-1993 Assistant Professor of Environmental Science, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA. Responsible for teaching soil science, water quality analysis, environmental geography, introductory and advanced environmental science, upperclass seminars in environmental solutions, directing senior research projects, and advising. Developed, with six other colleges, sustainable studies program in Costa Rica. Elected to Faculty Council, Allegheny's top faculty committee.
1996 Visiting Professor of Environmental Studies, University of Redlands, Redlands, CA. Taught California Geography, Sustainable Ag and the Redlands Food Service and an Intro to ES course. Consulted on creation of two new major programs; one for college, one for adult-learners.
1990-1991 Visiting Professor of Environmental Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI. Taught Environmental Impact Assessment and Evaluation of Environmental Problems; directed senior theses.
1985 Faculty, School For Field Studies, Ecuador. Responsible
for designing, budgeting, and teaching field course on soil and ecology in Amazonian
Ecuador for U.S.and Ecuadorean college students.
1980-1987 Teaching Assistant, Cornell University, Yale University, Wesleyan
University. Assisted in courses on Sustainable Development, Oceanography, and
Forest Soils.
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2002, 2005 Reviewer Wm. S. Fulbright Foundation. Review applications for senior specialists program, U.S. Student program.
1999-2000 Consulting Corps Service Learning consulting corps appointed by the American Association for Higher Education and the National Campus Compact
1993-Present Curriculum and Program Development Advised Washington and Jefferson College, Franklin and Marshall University, Randolph Macon College, Albion College, St. Olaf College, Colorado College, Ithaca College, Scranton University, Whitehead College, University of Redlands, Western State College, UNC-Asheville, Purdue University -Calumet, Marietta College, Dickinson College, Lewis and Clark College, New College, Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Puget Sound, Susquehanna University, Wellesley Collge, Butler University with creation and evaluation of major programs in Environmental Science and Studies.
1994-Present Text Development Editor for innovative, interactive curriculum in high school environmental biology created by non-profit Educational Development Center (Newton, MA.) Reviewer of texts on environment, environmental sociology, biology, and chemistry for Wadsworth, Saunders, Simon & Schuster, McGraw-Hill, Pine Forge Press, Benjamin Cummings, Island Press.
1985 Land Use Planning, Campana Cocha, Ecuador. Led research team that prepared agricultural, forest development, and preservation plan for Amazon village.
1982-1983 Land Use Planning, The Nature Conservancy, Mt. Kisco, NY. Regional Water Authority, New Haven, CT., B.A. Marson, Architect, NY, NY. Roxbury Land Trust, Roxbury, CT. Prepared development, management, and conservation plans, environmental impact statements, nature trails, and inventories of flora, fauna, soils, geology, and hydrology.
1981 Preservation, Tropical Science Center, Costa Rica. Conducted
nation-wide field investigations of natural resource areas and proposed
more than 40 sites for protection. Created new categories of protection
for government: Wild and Scenic Rivers, Historic Sites, Cultural
Preserves, Archaeological Reserves, Scenic and Educational Highways, and
Hydrographic Reserves.
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1998-1999 Advisor, President's Council on Sustainable Development, Washington, D.C. Working with the Program Working Group and Higher Education Subcommittee to organize the National Town Meeting for a Sustainable America.
1999 Advisor, Sustainable Pittsburgh, Goals and Indicators Project. Helped prepare public report and programs for promoting sustainability in Pittsburgh.
1980 Administrator, EPA Marine Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL. Coordinated $500,000 research program in the Gulf of Mexico on effects of drilling muds on marine biota.
1979 Analyst, Ocean Programs Branch, EPA, Washington, D.C. Gathered
and synthesized research information, formed branch policy, and acted as an
interagency liaison on outer continental shelf oil and gas activities.
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1999 Three Rivers Environmental Awards, Winner, Center for Economic and Environmental Development won for Outstanding Program in Higher Education.
1999 Governor's Award for Environmental Excellence, Winner, Center for Economic and Environmental Development. See one-minute video of CEED at this site.
1999 Council on Independent Colleges, Engaging Communities and Campuses p. 12.
1999 The Templeton Guide: Colleges that Encourage Character Development, CEED is cited as an exemplary program in Civic Education. Templeton Foundation Press. p. 176.
1999 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, University-Community Partnerships: Current Practices, "Community Development Program." (see the pdf section called Student Volunteerism, not our choice of a category.)
1998 Three Rivers Environmental Awards, Finalist, Department of Environmental Science for Outstanding Program in Higher Education.
1995 Thoburn Foundation Teaching Award, Allegheny College. Presented by the faculty, administration, students and alumni of the college for creative course development, innovative instruction, and general excellence as a teacher.
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Pallant, E. 2008. All the News That's Fit to Print. In First-Year Civic Engagement:
Sound Foundations for College, Citizenship and Democracy, M.J. LaBare (Ed).
The New York Times: 30-31.![]()
Pallant, E. (In press) Modern Nomads in Desert Time. Whole Terrain. Vol 15. 2007-2008.
J. O. Palmer and Pallant, E. (In Press) Preventing disaster in French Creek, one of the most biologically diverse rivers in North America. In Natural Disasters and Water Security: Risk Assessment, Emergency Response, and Environmental Management (A. Jones, Ed.), Springer Verlag.
Pallant,
E. 2007. Transitions:
Soviet-induced water crises push Eastern European nations to consider solutions,
Grist, October 23,
Pallant, E. 2007. Armenia and global warming: Climate change signals in the Caucasus Mountains, Grist, October 24, 2007
Lipchin, C., Pallant, E., Saranga, D., DeChatel, F.(eds.) 2007.
Integrated Water Resources Management and Security in the Middle East.
Springer Science. Berlin. 360 p. 
Pallant, E. and C. Lipchin, 2007. Introduction. In Integrated Water Resources Management and Security in the Middle East. Lipchin, C., Pallant, E., Saranga, D., DeChatel, F.(eds.) Springer Science. Berlin. pp.vii-xiii.
O'Brien, R. and Pallant, E. In Press. Teaching the watershed: Interdisciplinary undergraduate teaching and research. In Designing, Implementing, and Sustaining a Research-Supportive Undergraduate Curriculum. (K.K. Karukstis and T. Elgren, eds.) Council on Undergraduate Research.
Pallant, E. 2006. Cooperating over water issues in the Middle East. Science. 314: 251.
Pallant, E. 2006. Greening the Rustbelt Begins with Gray Matter: CEED and the Revitalization of Meadville, Pennsylvania. The Next American City. 11:8-10.
Pallant, E. Bye the book. My year of teaching environmental science without a textbook. Grist Magazine. 2 May 2006. < http://www.grist.org/comments/soapbox/2006/05/02/pallant/>.
Pallant, E. 2006. A thirst for knowledge. Dispatches from a NATO gathering on Middle Eastern water woes. Grist Magazine 13 February 2006 < http://www.grist.org/comments/dispatches/2006/02/13/pallant/index.html>.
Pallant, E. 2006. Tapped out. Dispatches from a NATO gathering on Middle Eastern water woes. Grist Magazine 14 February 2006 < http://www.grist.org/comments/dispatches/2006/02/13/pallant/index1.html>.
Pallant, E. 2006. Dead on arrival. Dispatches from a NATO gathering on Middle Eastern water woes. Grist Magazine 15 February 2006 < http://www.grist.org/comments/dispatches/2006/02/13/pallant/index2.html>.
Pallant, E. 2006. A sight for Besor eyes. Dispatches from a NATO gathering on Middle Eastern water woes. Grist Magazine 16 February 2006 < http://www.grist.org/comments/dispatches/2006/02/13/pallant/index3.html>.
Pallant, E. 2005. Green Buildings Rising in Northwest Pennsylvania. Conservancy Newsletter, Conneaut Lake/French Creek Valley Conservancy: 4
Pallant, E. 2004. Peace along a polluted waterway. Sierra (May/June): 18.
Pallant, E. 2004. Effective Practices Exchange: Allegheny College Center for Economic and Environmental Development. The Council of Independent Colleges.
Bowden, R.D. B. and Pallant, E. 2004. Maintaining a college-community ecotourism project: Institutional vision, faculty initiative, student participation, and community partnerships. In Strategies for Sustainability: Stories from the Ivory Tower. (P. Bartlett and G. Chase, eds.) MIT Press.
Pallant, E. 2003. The Sweetness of Doing Nothing. Heartstone: Celebrating the Emergent Ecologic Century. 4(1): 104-106.
Pallant, E. 2002. Perspective on Israel from visiting professor. Cleveland Jewish News: 31.
Pallant, E. 2002. Allegheny College: Bringing sustainability to northwest Pennsylvania.
In Teaching Sustainability - towards curriculum greening (Walter Leal Filho,
ed.) Peter Lan Scientific Publishers, Bern: 405-414.
Pallant, E. and Bensel, T. 2001. Pennsylvania forests: Act now to avert their
pillage. Pittsburgh Post Gazette Forum, April 29, Section E1; Forest health:
certification plan to guard state's woods. Harrisburg Patriot-News, April 26;
State forests: it's time to take stock, Erie Times News, April 27; Pennsylvania
forests: It's time to take stock. Pennsylvania Forests, 92 (3): 6.
Pallant, E. 2000. Creating collaborations. Council on Undergraduate Research Quarterly. 21(2): 56-60.
Pallant, E. 2000. Allegheny College is transforming NW Pennsylvania. The Declaration. Association of University Leaders for a Sustainable Future. 4(1):7-9.
Pallant, E. 1999. Raising fish and tomatoes to save the rustbelt. In
Acting Locally: Concepts and Models for Service-Learning in Environmental Studies
(Harold Ward, ed.) American Association for Higher Education, Washington, D.C:
89-98.
The
Text for this article may be read on-line.
Pallant, E. 1998. Allegheny College and Meadville, Pennsylvania collaborate to improve education, the environment, and the economy. In Academic Planning in College and University Environmental Programs. P.B. Corcoran, J. L. Elder, and R. Tchen (Eds.), North American Association of Environmental Education: 61-67.
Pallant, E. and Miller, C. S. 1998. Atrazine suppression of fine root growth in corn. In Root Demographics and their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands and Forest Ecosystems, James E. Box, Jr., Editor, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands: 499-508. (Prepared with student.)
Pallant, E., Lansky, D.L., Rio, J.E., Jacobs, L.D., Schuler, G.S., Whimpenny, W.G. 1997. Growth of corn roots under low-input and conventional farming systems. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture. 12:173-177. (Prepared with students.)
Pallant, E. 1996. Assessment and evaluation of environmental problems: teaching students to think for themselves. Journal College Science Teaching. 26:167-171.
Pallant, E. and L.M. Hilster 1996. Earthworm response to 10 weeks of incubation in a pot with acid mine spoil, sewage sludge, and lime. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 22:355-358. (Prepared with student.)
Pallant, E. 1995. Teaching critical thinking using controversial issues. The Teaching Professor. 9(10):6-7.
Pallant, E., Holmgren, R.A., Schuler, G.E, McCracken, K.L, Drbal, B. 1993. Using a fine root extraction device to quantify small diameter corn roots (?0.025 mm) in field soils. Plant Soil 153:273-379. (Prepared with students.)
Pallant, E. and Burke, S.J. 1993. Sewage sludge on acid mine spoils: grasses produce more than legumes. In Sewage Sludge: Land Utilization and the Environment. (C.E. Clapp, W.E. Larsen, and R.H. Dowdy, eds.) SSSA Misc. Publication. St. Paul, MN.: 209. (Prepared with student.)
Pallant, E. 1990. Applications of molluscan microgrowth analysis
to geoarchaeology; A case study from Costa Rica, in Lasca, N.P.,
and Donahue, J.E., eds., Archaeological Geology of North America: Boulder,
Colorado, Geological Society of America, Centennial Special Volume 4:421-430.
Pallant, E., Riha, S.J. 1990. Surface soil acidification under
red pine and Norway Spruce. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. v. 54:1124-1130.
Kapos, V., Pallant, E., Bien, A., Freskos, S. 1990. Gap frequencies in lowland rain forest sites on contrasting soils in Amazonian Ecuador. Biotropica. 22(3):218-225.
Riha, S.J., Senesac, G., Pallant, E. 1986. Effect of forest vegetation on spatial variability of surface mineral soil pH, soluble aluminum, and carbon. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 31: 929-940.
Riha, S.J., James, B.R., Senesac, G., Pallant, E. 1986. Spatial variability
of pH and organic matter in forest plantations. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.
50:1347-1352.
Book Reviews,
Consulting Reports, Allegheny
Publications,
CEED:
An Assessment (The text for this article may be read on-line)
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Pallant, E. 2008. Virtual Water: Genuine Problems. Society for Environmental Awareness. Invited Speaker, Allegheny College.
Pallant, E. 2007. Keynote Speaker. Preventing Disaster on French Creek, one of the Most Biologically Diverse Rivers in North America, NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Yerevan Armenia.
Pallant, E. 2007. Climate is Changing: Saving our Cities is Part of the Solution. Keynote Speaker. Butler University.
Pallant, E. and Onyeiwu, S. 2007. Gold Coast or Charcoal Kingdom: Debunking the Myth of Ghana's Success Story. Invited Speaker Humanities Lecture Series, Allegheny College. Meadville, PA.
Waggett, C.E., Greely, K, O'Brien, R., Nickell, J.E., Pallant, E., Bowden, R., DeHart, J., Kirk, E. and Geffen, A. 2007. Allegheny College Climate Change Initiative (ACCCI): A model for mobilizing support for campus sustainability efforts. Greening of the Campus VII. Ball State University.
Pallant, E. 2006. Water in the Middle East. Keynote Speaker. Creek Connections Symposium. Allegheny College.
Pallant, E. 2006. Global water issues. Invited Speaker. Mercyhurst College Great Discussions Series.
Pallant, E. 2006. Israel's environmental challenges. Invited Speaker. Temple Anshe Hesed Earth Day presentation, Erie, PA.
Kirk, E.K., Palmer, J., Goldstein, D., Onyeiwu, S., Bowden, R., Bakken, K., Bensel, T., Greely, K., DeHart, J., Waggett, C., Geffen, A., and Pallant, E. 2005. Sustainability is working in the rust belt. Greening of the Campus VI. Ball State University.
Pallant, E. 2005. Why environmentalists should be in charge of Zionism. Invited Speaker. Temple Sinai, Pittsburgh.
Pallant, E. 2005. Would you buy this package of CEED's? Invited Speaker. Marist College.
Pallant, E. 2005. Keeping civic engagement civil for students, faculty, and the community. Keynote Speaker. Environmental Consortium of Hudson Valley Colleges & Universities, Civic Engagement and Service Learning for the Environment: The Challenge for Higher Education. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Pallant, E. 2005. CEED's new plans for Meadville. Invited Speaker.
Environmental Alliance for Senior Involvement.
Pallant, E. 2005. Is this any way to promote sustainability?Invited Speaker Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT.
Pallant, E. 2005. The real threat to the Middle East: Israel's Environmental Catastrophe. Invited Speaker Humanities Lecture Series, Allegheny College. Meadville, PA.
Pallant, E. and K. Bakken. 2004. The Center for Economic and Environmental Development is teaching sustainability to Northwest Pennsylvania. Education for Sustainability Western Network, "Defining the Vision for Higher Education" conference.
Pallant, E. 2004. CEED's contribution to the community. Carnegie Museum of Natural History, World Wildlife Fund workshop, "Building Better Communities." Keynote Speaker.
2002. How a small college in the middle of no place can make a big difference for the environment. Tel Hai College, Kiryat Shemona, Israel. Invited Speaker.
Pallant, E. 2001. There's more to recycling than number two plastics. The John Wesley Powell Student Research Conference. Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL. Keynote Speaker.
Pallant, E. 2001. How a small college can make a big impact in a needy community. Albright College. Reading, PA. Invited Speaker.
Pallant, E. 2001. Sustainable development: theory and reality in the French
Creek watershed. French Creek
Project Sojourn. Banks of French Creek north of Franklin. Invited speaker.
Pallant, E. 2000. Sustainability "R" Us: University-Community Collaborations to Promote Sustainable Development. University of Oregon, Eugene, OR Invited Speaker.
Pallant, E., Davey, E., Uhl, C. 2000. Walking the talk: Sustainability practices in higher education. Invited Speaker. Society of Environmental Journalists. East Lansing, MI.
Pallant, E. 2000. Rayon, schmayon: So long as it's sustainable. Inaugural speaker for the Spoerl Lectureship in Science and Society. Invited Speaker. Lawrence University. Appleton, WI.
Pallant, E. Two talks. 2000. (1) Shaping an Environmental/Studies/Science Program - Institutional Implications and Ramification. . (2) Service Learning, Civic Action, and Other Progressive Techniques for Teaching Environmental Studies. Invited Speaker. Project Kaleidoscope, Education in the Context of Local/Regional Environment. Project Kaleidoscope, Biosphere II Center, Oracle, AZ.
Pallant, E. 1999. Preparing Science Savvy Citizens: Integrating Service Learning into an Environmental Studies Program. Invited Speaker. Project Kaleidoscope 10th Anniversary. College Park, MD.
Pallant, E. Two talks. 1999. (1) Setting Out the Issues: Building a Multidisciplinary Program in ES/Esc. (2) Service Learning, Civic Action, and Other Great Techniques for Teaching Environmental Studies. Invited Speaker. Project Kaleidoscope, Environmental Studies: Issues for New and Expanding Programs. Providence, RI.
Pallant, E. 1999. Television vs. The Green Building. Invited speaker. Perspective on Barney-Davis Hall's Eco-Design. Denison University, Granville, OH.
Pallant, E., Palmer, J., Bowden, R., Resek, C. 1999. A National Model of Collaboration for Sustainability: Allegheny College and its Watershed. National Town Meeting for a Sustainable America. Invited speaker. Detroit, MI.
Cloud, J., Pallant, E., Santone, S. 1999. The Role of Formal Education in Sustainable Community Initiatives. National Town Meeting for a Sustainable America. Invited speaker. Detroit, MI.
Mehan, D. and Pallant, E. 1998. A truly inexpensive way of reducing industrial pollution. Greening of Industry Conference, Rome, Italy.
Pallant, E. 1998. Greening the Gateway: An example of sustainable community development and cooperation in NW PA. North American Association of Environmental Educators. Invited Speaker, Sanibel, FL.
Pallant, E. 1998. Using Technology to facilitate the integration of art, environment, sustainability, and community. Symposium on Educational Technology and Infrastructure Projects, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Link-to-Learn Technology Conference, Invited Speaker, Harrisburg, PA.
Pallant, E. 1994. Teaching critical thinking. Panel chair. Energy, Environment, and Education. Olympia, WA.
Pallant, E. and Hilster, L. 1994. Improving the health of earthworms
on acid mine spoils with sewage sludge and lime. Abstracts of Ecol.
Soc. Am. Knoxville, TN.
Pallant, E. 1991. The effect of farming system on corn
fine root growth. Abstracts of Am. Soc. Agron. Annual Meetings.
Denver, CO.
Pallant, E. 1990. Why do low input farms grow more corn roots? Abstracts of Am. Soc. Agron. Annual Meetings. San Antonio, TX.
Pallant, E. 1990. Using digitized images to compare corn root growth in conventional and low input agriculture. Conference on New Analytical Methods for Quantifying Root and Soil Dynamics. Abstracts of Soil Sci. Soc. Am & Am. Soc. Agron. St. Louis, MO.
Pallant, E., and Riha, S.J. 1988. Acid deposition and forest soils: Fact or fungus? Abstracts of Am. Soc. Agron. Annual Meetings. Anaheim, CA.
Pallant, E. 1987. What are the effects of acid deposition on forest soils? Invited speaker. Acid Rain Symposium, U. Pittsburgh, Bradford, PA.
Pallant, E. 1986. Deforestation and land use in tropical America. Invited speaker. Oberlin College, OH; Wesleyan University, CT.
Pallant, E. 1986. The acidification of soil under Red Pine. Abstracts Am. Assoc. of Geog. Annual Meetings. Minneapolis, MN.
Riha, S.J., Pallant, E., and James, B. 1985. Effects of forest vegetation on spatial variability of soil pH and related chemical properties. Invited paper. International Symposium on acidic precipitation, Muskoka, Ontario, Canada. Sept. 15-20,
Pallant, E. and Riha, S.J. 1985. The acidification of soil
under Red Pine. Abstracts Am. Soc. Agron. Annual Meetings.
Chicago, IL.

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$300,000 AW Mellon 2007. Leadership Initiative in Global Environmental Sustainability (Project Co-Director)
$4,500 Acutec Corporation, Feasibility of wind turbine installation. (Project Co-Director)
EUR 68,000 NATO, Environmental
Security Program. 2005. Integrated Water Resources Management in the Middle
East. (Project Co-Director)
$270,000 Heinz Family Endowments. 2003. Operating funds for the Center for Economic and Environmental Development. (Project Director)
$240,000 Henry Luce Foundation. 2002. The French Creek Watershed Environment Program. (Project Director)
$25,000 RK Mellon Foundation 2001. Strategic planning for the Center for Economic and Environmental Development. (Project Director)
$150,000 RK Mellon Foundation. 1998. Operating funds for the Center for Economic and Environmental Development. (Project Director)
$ 50,000 NASA. 1997. A workshop series on promoting a sustainable forest industry in northwest Pennsylvania. (Co-Principal Investigator)
$6,000 FMC. 1998. Construction funds for an art and environment room at the Crawford County Industrial Park. (Project Co-Director)
$145,000 Eden Hall Foundation. 1997. Ecology and Environmental Science Program grant. (Program Co-Director)
$10,000 Channellock. 1997. Finding a non-toxic solvent replacement for methylene chloride. (Co-Principal Investigator)
$350,000 Heinz Family Endowments. 1997. A sustainable community development plan for Northwest Pennsylvania. (Project Director)
$244,000 Link-2-Learn Technology Testbeds. 1997. Educating community leaders of today and tomorrow in sustainability in Northwest Pennsylvania. (Principal Investigator)
$ 25,000 NSF Research Opportunity Award. 1993. Ecosystems nitrogen status and trace gas fluxes. (Principal Investigator)
$ 21,650 Howard Hughes Medical Institute. 1991. Exactly how many roots are there? (Co-Principal Investigator)
$ 82,149 NSF ILI. 1990. Improvement of soil and ecosystems analysis laboratory. (Co-Principal Investigator) Acquisition of C:H:N Analyzer; Ion Chromatograph
$ 23,700 Howard Hughes Medical Institute. 1989-90. Do organic farms grow more corn roots? (Principal Investigator)
$ 81,046 NSF ILI. 1989. Restoration of Geochemical/Analytical Chemistry Components in Geology, Chemistry and Environmental Science Programs. (Co-Principal Investigator) Acquisition of X-Ray Fluorescence
$ 23,800 NSF ILI. 1988. Improvement of Water Analysis Lab. (Co-Principal Investigator) Acquisition of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
$ 2,500 The Women's Seamen's Friends Society of Connecticut, The Harris Foundation, The Richard King Mellon Foundation. 1981-1982. Environmental change over the last 1400 years deduced from molluscan shells contained in middens from Guanacaste, Costa Rica. (Principle Investigator)