Environmental Science Senior Projects -1997
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Name: Anastasia Adamonis
Date: Spring, 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Eric Pallant, Jennifer Lapham, Sue Buck
Title: Outflows and Art: Ecological Art Dealing with Raw Sewage Outflows into French Creek
Ecological art deals with environmental issues and desires to make people aware and responsive. By having people be more aware of the environmental issues around them people can try to help. Artists, such as the Harrison's, Mel Chin, Mierle Ladennan Ukeles, Buster Simpson, and Hans Haake, have used ecological art to make people not only aware of the problems but in many cases also want to create a change. These pieces have their own original way of looking at how to deal with environmental issues. From the Harrison's, The Lagoon Cycle, which became a published paper about lagoon crab reproduction to Mierle Laderman Ukeles's, The Social Mirror, which allows people to see themselves as the producers of trash, these artists deal with a variety of environmental problems and ways to create an engaging piece.
One environmental problem that has been with the human race for a long time has been sewage disposal. People once just dumped their sewage and trash into streets which spread a variety of diseases. Now we have a more sophisticated sewage treatment system which has eliminated the epidemics that once plagued us. Our treatment of sewage is comprised of three main parts with an optional fourth. The first is pretreatment, where all large debris can be removed from the sewage entering the plant. Primary treatment consists of settling and floating solids Out of the sewage. The sewage then moves to the secondary treatment tanks where biological organisms are used to consume the organic materials in the effluent. A sludge is then produced consisting of mostly these dead organisms. In many treatment plants, chlorine is added to the effluent to kill pathogens and is dumped into a water source. A final and optional tertiary treatment is available. This ensues a further removal of solid and a removal of phosphorus and nitrogen. The problem with sewage treatment systems is that the nutrients are not removed and the effluent has a low oxygen level These problems can lead to the eutrophication of the water source where sewerage is entering. This is the problem effecting the sewage treatment facility in Meadville and French Creek. Water leaking into the sewer pipes during rainstorms creates too much water for the sewage plant to handle, causing the facility to dump the raw sewage into French Creek. The dumping of sewerage is causing the eutrophication of an important water way in this area.
My piece deals with the issue of making people aware of the eutrophication caused by the dumping of raw sewage into French Creek. The piece is untitled and is made of mixed media. A toilet was used with plants to illustrate where the source of the problem with eutrophication.
Name: Jonathan M. Aglio
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Dr. Mark Lord and Dr. Jim Palmer
Title: Fertilizer Application and Agricultural Soils: Developing Optimum Application Rates of Fertilizers
This experiment was conducted to examine how nitrogen fertilizer
rates and watering rates affect the concentrations of NO3
in leachate from soil. It was hypothesized that NO3
concentrations in the leachate would decrease and plant biomass
would increase as fertilizer splits and watezings frequencies
were increased. A soil leaching column was used to simulate
field conditions. The nitrogen fertilizer was applied at the
rate of 80 Mg~ha and winter rye was used as the cover crop.
This rate was broken down into one application, three applications,
and five applications. After the experiment ran for both fifteen
and thirty days, NO3 concentrations,
plant biomass, and total soil nitrogen values were obtained.
The NO3 concentrations of the
leachate were statistically different between all treatments
for both experiments which support the hypothesis, but the same
analysis shown no statistical difference between the treatments
for plant biomass. Differences found in the soil nitrogen proved
that the hypothesis was incorrect, since the nitrogen in the
soil acted like a sink there was still the potential for it
to be leached out, thus equaling the leachate values. In conclusion
the type of vegetation and fertilizer splits used did not develop
an optimum application rate that lowered NO3
concentrations in leachates.
Name: Jennifer L. Bogo
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science/Biology
Thesis Committee: Scott Wissinger Jim Palmer
Title: Invertebrate Communities in Natural vs. Constructed Wetlands in Northwestern PA
Constructed wetlands are increasingly used to 1) mitigate for wetland encroachments 2) restore habitats that were historically drained/filled for agriculture and urbanization, and 3) enhance nesting habitat for waterfowl. Although funding for wetland construction has increased during the 1990's, few studies have addressed the ecological integrity of these human-made habitats.
The purpose of my study was to compare wetlands constructed
through the 'Paitners for Wildlife' program of the USFWS with
natural habitats in order to 1) assess the biotic integrity
of such restoration projects and 2) provide baseline data for
assessing patterns of invertebrate distribution and abundance.
These communities were also examined in open marshes and forested
wetlands, a little-studied habitat~ to determine the degree
to which each had recovered to its "natural' state.
Twelve sites were chosen, six of which were wetlands restored
within the last two years and six were comparable natural habitats.
Within each of these divisions, half were located in forested
and half in open environments. Insects were quantitatively and
qualitatively sampled and then identified to genus level in
the laboratory in order to accurately measure community composition
of both overall species and specific taxa.
Invertebrate distribution and abundance were similar for both constructed and naturally-occurring open marshes. Existing seed banks and local insect populations from the wet meadow region probably aided rapid community establishment. The overall diversity and species richness were significantly greater for natural, forested wetlands than for constructed, forested ones. Dissimilar habitat structure from slow forest growth and hindered seed dispersal most likely won't quickly support local insect populations. Measures of odonate, coleopteran, and trichopteran diversity and density were also greater for natural, forested wetlands while the diversity and richness of dipterans were much lower. Often the first species to colonize newly-flooded habitats, opportunistic chironomids are eventually succeeded by slowly-dispersing, larger-bodied invertebrate predators.
While both contribute to the diets of migratory and breeding waterfowl, chironomids are the predominant food group of dabbling ducks. Focusing restoration efforts on habitat which sacrifices diversity of other invertebrates for high density of midges, however, may mean a trade off between waterfowl diversity and abundance as well. In order to avoid this type of exchange, Partners for Wildlife should concentrate on restoring wetlands to attain the most diverse and species rich invertebrate communities.
Name: Nicole Mane Boutin
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Dr. Mark Lord and Dr. Eric Pallant
Title: An Investigation into the Potential for Nitrate Pollution of Ground Water from Agriculture in the Middle Connecticut River Basin, New Hampshire Using DRASTIC, A Pollution Potential Model
The agricultural setting poses a threat to ground water pollution. Leaching of nitrate can occur in areas with high pollution potential and when excess nitrogen is applied. The general purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of DRASTIC, a ground water pollution potential model, using an agricultural setting. Nitrogen application rates were compared, along with soil nitrate- nitrogen and ground water nitrate to test DRASTIC against occurring trends. The study area is located in the Middle Connecticut River Basin in Grafton County, New Hampshire. The study area consisted of nine study sites.. This area is all underlain by stratified drift aquifers and has relatively the same hydrogeologic setting throughout. Of the parameters considered in DRASTIC, only depth to ground water and hydraulic conductivity varied within the area of study. Recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography and impact of vadose zone did not vary from Site to site.
The resulting DRASTIC index values ranged from 151 to 170. The average applied nitrogen ranged from 128.3 to 279.6 pounds per acre and the average soil nitrate- nitrogen ranged from 19.4 to 37.8 ppm. Ground water nitrate values ranged from undetectable to 1.8 mgfL. Predictions of higher pollution areas were made based upon DRASTIC and nitrogen application rates but could not be sufficiently tested due to insufficient ground water nitrate data. This was due to low ground water numbers and a small data set. Overall, the data set shows that the area does not have ground water nitrate pollution occurring with the current agricultural management practices. However, one site showed an increase of nitrate from up gradient to down gradient of the site.
The results of this study show that DRASTIC is applicable to this setting. Studies done by the creators of DRASTIC were comparable to the DRASTIC results of this study. Future use of DRASTIC in areas comparable to this study area need not look at all the parameters, only the two that varied, depth to ground water and hydraulic conductivity.
Name: Amy Bryson
Date: Spring, 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Dr. James Palmer, Dr. Richard Bowden
Title: Variability of Wet Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition in the Central French Creek Watershed: Meadville, Pennsylvania
The objective of this study was to determine if any regional or temporal variability exists in atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the Central French Creek Watershed. Six storm events were tracked and sampled at four different sites dispersed within the central portion of the French Creek Watershed. The sites included Meadville, Saegertown High School, Maplewood High School, and Cambridge Springs. Regional differences in total precipitation amount, average nitrate deposition, average ammonium deposition, and average total N deposition among the four sites were analyzed. Temporal variability in average nitrate concentration and average anunonium concentration was determined from samples at the Meadville site, where samples were taken 2-3 times during a storm for 4 separate precipitation events.
Significant differences in total precipitation amount and average nitrate deposition were found among sites, but average ammonium deposition and average total N deposition showed no significant differences. Only Storm 6 showed significant differences in nitrate concentration during the time course of the storm.
Significant differences appear to be an influence of varying storm type, either convective or frontal and to the natural meteorological variability that exists within a storm. Frontal storms tended to show less significant differences. The convective, lake-effect storms appear to have more significant differences among sites for all variables. The temporal differences found in nitrate concentration for Storm 6 can be accounted for by the natural washing of the nitrate ions from the atmosphere, while the lack of ammonium variability could be the result of relatively low levels present in the atmosphere or the fact that it removed from the atmosphere at a more constant rate than nitrate.
Overall, no strong trends in regional or temporal deposition of nitrogen were detected. Differences that were detected may be because storms are not homogeneous in the amount of ions they wash out of the atmosphere. Storm type may be an influence on deposition because of the more variable nature of convectional storms.
Name: Jessica Butts
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Steve Stroman, Scott Wissinger, Michael Maniates
Title: The Return of the Timber Wolf to Northwestern Pennsylvania
In recent years, several subspecies of the wolf have been returning to their native habitats throughout the United States. The reintroductions of the red and gray wolf into North Carolina and Yellowstone respectively have prompted non-governmental organizations such as Defenders of Wildlife to assess the suitability of other regions as wolf reintroduction sites (Defenders of Wildlife, 1995). The aim of this project was to assess the biological, cultural, and political feasibility of a timber wolf reintroduction into National and State forest lands in Northwestern Pennsylvania. The area includes Allegheny National Forest, Susquehannock State Forest, Sproul State Forest, Tiadaghton State Forest, Elk State Forest, and Moshannon State Forest, covering a total 1,651,655-acres. To evaluate this, I examined the biological needs of wolves in comparison with the biology of the site, the attitudes towards wolves in the United States, and political interests that may be involved. Biologically, the site can support wolves, however, a more in depth study is needed to determine the exact number. There is an adequate supply of prey and territory to sustain multiple populations of timber wolves. The site would also be culturally feasible with the assistance of educational programs on wolves. Cultural perceptions and attitudes of wolves have been determined lobe the main barriers to successful reintroductions (Savage, 1996). A detailed survey needs to be conducted to determine the attitudes of residents in this area. Politically, the reintroduction of wolves into Northwestern Pennsylvania could be both controversial and beneficial. While the hunting industry fears that wolves will dramatically impact deer populations, wolves will actually improve the herds by preying on sick or weak deer (Carpenter & Busch, 1994; Sajna, 1990). The presence of wolves would return this ecosystem to a more natural state.
Name: Patrick William Coyne
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Dr. Scott A. Wissinger and Dr. Eric Pallant
Title: Leachate Recirculation to Promote Rapid Stabilization of Municipal Solid Waste: Barriers to Implementation
Approximately half of landfilled municipal solid waste is organic in nature. However, very little biological decomposition occurs in landfills. Modern landfill design and operation strives for an inner environment devoid of moisture and biological activity.
Entombment of the waste mass results in a long post closure period, for which the landfill manager is responsible. Bioreactor technology involves recirculating leachate to increase saturation, bolster microbial populations, and ultimately lead to rapid stabilization of the organic portion of municipal solid waste. Leachate recirculation also provides peripheral benefits, including reduction of Ieachate volume and concentration. However, there are barriers to implementing this practice at existing and planned facilities. Inadequate saturation, a result of modern landfill technology, is the largest barrier. Other bathers can be technological, regulatory, economic, logistical, or sociological. A review of case studies shows the compatibility of five leachate recirculation mechanisms (infiltration ponds, pre-weizing of waste, leachate spraying, vertical injection wells, and horizontal trenches) with different facilities. Though source separation of organic and inorganic waste would preclude any need for bioreactor landfills, it is not presently realistic. Bioreactors would essentially compost the organic fraction of municipal solid waste without separating it from inorganic refuse.
Name: Aletta Davis
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Dr. Richard Bowden, Dr. Kendra Golden
Title: Forest N Cycling Dynamics: Effects of NH4NO3 additions on the Microbial N Pool
The movement of 16N-labelled ammonium-nitrate additions into the microbial N pool were measured In order to assess the effects of chronic N deposition on temperate forest ecosystems. Experimental plots were located in two stands: a mixed-hardwood stand dominated by black (Quercus velutina) and red oak (a. borealis), and a red pine (P. resinosa) plantation. Two levels of N were applied to the plots in each stand. Control treatments received 0 kg N/ha/yr and low N treatments received 50 kg N/ha/yr. To distinguish between the fates of the two different forms of N one-half of each treatment received 15NH4NO3, the other 14NH415NO3.
δ15N values of the microbial pool were measured in 1993, 1994 and 1996 using filter paper incubations, a new method. Mass balance equations were performed for each treatment to determine the total and percent amount of label incorporated into the microbial N pool. In addition, 1994 filter paper incubation results were compared with chloroform fumigation extraction results from the same year to determine the feasibility of the new method.
Filter Incubations Indicated that microbial immobilization is decreasing with time. The rapid decrease in the pine stand suggests that it is less N-limited than the hardwood stand. Furthermore, pine low N treatments began to level off in 1994 and 1996 suggesting that microbial processes within those sites are becoming N-saturated. Microbes do not appear to function as an expanding sink for increased N deposition. Examining all three years of data reveals that N fertilization resulted in a decrease in microbial assimilation in most cases.
Filter paper incubations reported greater microbial assimilation in 15NO3 treatments and in mineral horizons throughout both forest stands. To determine if differences were a result of method design or if, in fact, filter incubations are a better measure of the active portion of the microbial N pool, more detailed analysis of the microbial pool within the plots is necessary. Identification and relative abundances of microbial species present in the stands would enable further clarification of the effects of the NH4NO3 additions on the microbial N pool.
Name: Jeffrey P. Davis
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Dr. Jim Palmer and Dr. Scott Wissinger
Title: Biological Control of Tenebrio molitor Using a Combination of Hb Nematodes and Bacillus thuringiensis
Chemical insecticides often have broad impacts on non-target species and insects have shown the ability to develop a resistance. Viable alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides include biological control agents. Furthermore, use of combinations of biological control agents may reduce pesticidal use, by enhancing their activity against a single species or increase their effectiveness against several target species. This experiment tested the hypothesis that two biological control agents, Bacillus thuringiensis var, san diego (M-Trak) and Hb nematodes, would synergistically increase mortality rates of Tenebrio molitor. Mealworms were raised in wheat bran that contained no biological control agent, wheat bran that contained M-Trak, wheat bran that contained nematodes, and wheat bran that contained both biological control agents.
When Bacillus thuringiensis and nematodes were used in combination, mortality rates were less than that of the nematodes, but higher than that of Bacillus thuringiensis. Thus, the synergistic hypothesis was not supported. Instead, Bt and nematodes appeared to act antagonistically.
Name: Mark Thomas DeFazio
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Dr. Milt Ostrofsky and Dr. Scott Wissinger
Title: The Partitioning of Primary Production Between Dissolved Organic Matter and Particulate Organic Matter in a Second Order Deciduous Stream
A stream energy budget consists of both allochthonous and autothonous carbon in low order deciduous streams. It is generally accepted that small woodland streams receive most of their annual energy from allochthonous sources although researchers feel the importance of autotrophic energy is understimated in many cases. Periphyton is the principle biological input for autotrophic energy in stream ecosystems. During photosynthesis, periphyton use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into organic matter (carbon fixation). Some of the fixed carbon is found in the form of particulate organic matter (POM) and some carbon leaks out of the algal cells as dissolved organic matter (DOM). This study was conducted in Sandy Run, Pa in order to determine how primary production was divided in the stream between POM and DOM and to test the hypothesis that total production and percent extracellular release (PER) are inversely correlated.
Total production and PER were measured using 14C uptake experiments run approximately every two weeks from 11/11/96- 3/5/97. Linear regression was run on total production vs. PER and PER vs. chlorophyll a concentrations. The data collected showed no significant correlation between total production and PER (p>0.05) nor were PER and chlorophyll a concentration found to be inversely related in this study. PER was found to be greater than the percent particulate organic matter. This study suggests that due to periphyton's lack of efficiency in fixing carbon during photosynthesis, the role of bacteria and microbial metabolism of dissolved organic matter in Sandy Run may be very high. If so, the role of microbes in food chain interactions in Sandy Run may be severely underestimated.
Name: Rebecca Dietrich
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Michael Maniates and Steve Stroman
Title: The Wise Use Movement
The wise use movement is a relatively new movement with it formally beginning in 1988. The wise use movement is the manifestation of a backlash against environmentalism, not necessarily the environment. One of characteristics of the movement is a dual base of support that draws from local organizations and industry. A duality also exists between the local and national in terms of the leaders and organizations. The wise use movement also espouses several different messages. The most visible is the mainstream message which calls out the principle that man and nature can work together in productive harmony. The tactics used tosp~ its ideology and message are similar to those of environmentalism. Unlike another historical anti-environmental backlash, the wise use movement seems to posses the characteristics of a social movement that would be have long-term sustainability. In the light of this continual presence, my work concludes that environmentalism must respond. The weaknesses of environmentalism are highlighted by the strengths of the wise use movement. Environmentalism must learn from these. In this way, I argue that environmentalism should be working to better itself rather than tear down the wise use movement.
Name: Jodie Evans
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Michael Maniates, Barry Shapiro
Title: Awakening Activism: Inspiring Student Involvement
During the movements of the late sixties and early seventies it was easy for students to gain access to vehicles traveling the path toward change. By following these paths leading to actions to transform society and seeing beneficial results from such actions, students caine to believe they could make a difference. This feeling of empowerment provided the fuel necessary to~p the student movement in motion. However, today the student movement has slowed down to a near standstill as students have focused on improving their personal futures, rather than the future of society. This senior comprehensive project examines the attitudes, values and variables affecting student involvement that existed in the sixties as compared to those present in the nineties.
In the sixties a series of triggering experiences set off the student movement. These triggering experiences captured the attention of students and inspired them to join in movements for social change. Participation in the movement proved to be both rewarding and frustrating. Students searching to fulfill their version of the American dream-a nation in which everyone was equal, free and able to participate in democracy--mobilized around a set of very idealistic American values for freedom and equality. Through their efforts to advance these ideals, activists were able to achieve several accomplishments. Their achievements included: an end to segregation, a reevaluation of U.S. foreign policy, acceptance of the idea of active student participation in university decisions and creating a catalyst for further movements.
Although a survey of students' values reveals that students today share similar values and concerns with students of the sixties, they are not acting on them. Students find that it is difficult to get involved in causes that they feel are important because of the pressure society places upon them to achieve the "perfect" life. This lifestyle includes a form of higher education leading to a prosperous career, healthy family and financial stability. I interviewed four groups of 3-4 students to ascertain why they were or were not involved and what they believed it would take to get students involved. These students offered three key insights to motivating students to act: students require role models to set an example for taking action; educators need to accept some of this responsibility to act as role models for students, placing less emphasis on 'the books' and more emphasis on community service, and conversely students must be willing to take a chance with their future and question authority to achieve social change.
In order to rediscover the sense of empowerment necessary to fuel a new student movement promoting environmental sustainabiity, student leaders must emerge to provide the first voices. These leaders can only emerge in a university environment that supports personal growth, individualism accompanied by involvement and relationships with educators, students and authorities that inspire action.
Name: Petra Karin Fernando
Date: Spring, 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Professor Terrence Bensel, Professor Sonya
Jones, Professor Paula Bacchetta
Title: Social Forestry and Gendered Dimensions in Sri Lanka
This Comprehensive Project looks at social forestry as a possible strategy to alleviate poverty and reduce deforestation in developing countries (mainly South Asia and more specifically Sri Lanka). Social Forestry is a term given to various tree planting projects carried out on a grassroots level, with the objective of providing subsistence (i.e - fuelwood, food and fodder) for the rural poor. The main hypothesis is that since social forestry programs are aimed at providing subsistence, the projects will be more successful if women were involved in the planning and implementation of the program. The reason being that in the areas studied, the women provide most of the subsistence for their families, thus they stand to benefit most from such a program. This project gives a general overview of deforestation issues in tropical forests, and pays attention to the fuelwood problems and the status of women in South Asia. It also introduces the guidelines and expectations of social forestry as well as giving case studies of actual programs that have been conducted in Sri Lanka, India, and Kenya. Since this comprehensive project has a special focus on social forestry programs in Sri Lanka, facts and background information on Sri Lanka as well as issues on forestry, forestry policies and the status of rural women and their interactions with the forests are provided. The Overriding conclusions were that social forestry did help with reforestation or curtailed deforestation on a local level and that the needs of the rural people were being addressed, yet, the projects could achieve a greater degree of success if they become more site specific, pay more attention to detail and add a gender dimension to its guidelines and implementation. The case studies suggests that there is little involvement of the local people, which is a serious drawback since as a grassroots (or Small Scale Development) venture the participation of the local community in the planning and implementation is a must. In the cases where the local people were consulted, it was mainly the men who were involved and not the women. This to was a considerable disadvantage to the success of the projects since the needs of the women were not addressed. Their contribution to such a project would make the projects meet its goal as well as ease the burden of some of the poorest of the poor in our society.
Name: Dawn Alise Fugman
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Dr. Richard Bowden, Rick Holmgren
Title: Biodiversity and Productivity Among Three Species of Grass at a Moisture Gradient
Billions of dollars are spent annually on damages resulting from soil erosion, but the cost of lost habitat and wildlife are more difficult to calculate. Erosion is a serious problem and one of the quickest, cheapest means of combatting it is to plant grass. The hypothesis that higher levels of diversity lead to greater productivity is under debate, and there are relatively few studies which address it. Because mixtures of grass species are used on reclamation sites, it is possible to apply this hypothesis. This study determined whether or not higher levels of biodiversity among three species of grass (Andropogon gerardil, Panicum virgatum, and Panicum clandestinum) were more productive than lower levels over a range of soil saturation. The results showed that, for the most part, those treatments with 2 and 3 species had higher levels of biomass than the treatments containing only 1 species.
Name: Sean Cleary Garin
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Dr. Mark Lord and Dr. Richard Bowden
Title: The effects of land use on groundwater quality in six small stream basins located within the French Creek watershed, Northwestern, Pennsylvania
The purpose of this study was to expand upon the work completed by J. Scott Alexander in 1996. Alexander studied the effects that land use exhibited on surface water quality in 8 small homogenous stream basins located in the French Creek watershed, Northwestern, Pennsylvania.
He found that land use (measured as %forest in each basin) exerted a strong control on various water quality parameters such as conductivity, phosphorus, and total nitrogen. Additionally, he found that during baseflow dominated events, there continued to be a strong relationship between land use and both conductivity and total nitrogen.
To determine if subsurface waters showed the same trends as surface waters in the basins delineated by Alexander, groundwater was sampled from six of his eight stream basins and analyzed for temperature, pH, conductivity, nitrate-nitrite, and ammonia. Wells were sampled over a period of two weeks to limit temporal variability and a total of 54 groundwater samples were collected. Additionally, well depth and local land use were characterized at each sample site.
The average total nitrogen value for all samples was 1.070 mg/L with a standard deviation of 1.088. Basin-wide land use was not a significant predictor of nitrogen concentrations in any of the stream basins. Land use was a significant predictor of conductivity. Low forested basins exhibited higher conductivities than did high forested basins. This is intrepreted to be due to lower forested basins likely having slower infiltration rates, thus giving groundwater a longer residence time in the subsurface where more solution of soil cations and anions could take place. Depth, as well, did not exert a strong control over any of the groundwater quality parameters that were considered. Local land use (characterized within l00m of the well site), as well, did not act as a good predictor of total nitrogen concentrations.
There was much unexplainable variability in the data set that might be attributed to both general sampling methods and faulty laboratory analysis of nitrogen. Reported well depths were only approximations and didn't take into account that most wells are screened over large intervals, thus making depth a poor predictor of nitrogen concentrations. Additionally, due to a number of zero values reported by the Lachat autoanalyzer, the confidence in this data was, in the investigator's mind, somewhat questionable.
Name: Wendy J. Geier
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Dr. Eric T. Pallant, Dr. Richard D. Bowden
Title: Getting certified can make you certifiable: What is wrong with the wood certification process and how can it be improved?
Sustainable forestry practices are now being validated by a number of third-party certifiers throughout the world. These agencies grant certification to timber producers ("sources") and companies which manufacture wood products ("companies"). The actual number of certified sources and companies is relatively small, however-it just is not catching on. There are many areas within the certification sector which must be addressed and improved.
Both certified sources and companies complain of a lack of demand for certified products; this is related to the poor marketing skills possessed by most people in charge. The majority of consumers are ignorant to the benefits of certified wood-most probably do not even know that it exists. Due to the lack of promotion, there is only a very small market for these products. Well-intentioned small landowners, environmentally-conscious woodworkers, and enlightened consumers complain that certified wood costs more, a result of high premiums imposed by different parties to cover certification and freight costs, and sometimes simply to make a profit. And the majority of the segments of the wood industry do know about certified products, but choose to remain loyal to those suppliers of non-certified wood with whom they have traditionally worked. To combat these weaknesses, there must be an increase in the promotion of sustainable forestry to the general public. This will generate a greater demand for certified products. In turn, consumers will look to the large hardware stores to provide sustainablyharvested timber, and the hardware stores will turn to the large lumber producers, who will be forced to change their practices.
Name: Lyn Goldsworthy
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Terrence Bensel, David Roncolato
Title: Environmental Justice Movement: A Genuine Social Movement or NIMBY?
This comprehensive project explored the field of environmental justice, asking if the collective action of environmental justice workers can be considered asocial movement. Criteria were set that any movement could be judged against to determine whether or not it qualified as a social movement. Both the Civil Rights Movement and the Women's Suffrage Movement were used to represent social movements that meet the criteria. Using the five criteria: structural conduciveness, strain, generalized beliefs, precipitating events, and social control, environmental justice was evaluated. Using information found in case studies, environmental justice was found to be a social movement.
The Environmental Justice Movement found structural conduciveness to their efforts by making the public aware of what was taking place in neighborhoods across the country. Once people were aware of situations such as Love Canal, there was room in societal structure for changes to begin. Strain was present in the lives of those living in areas contaminated with hazardous waste. People were becoming ill, and could not live in their present situations. The environmental justice activists were focused on the same issues and working towards the same goal of environmental equity. Events were taking place that forced many into action, such as the release of toxins into the town of Glen Avon, California. The town was inundated with hazardous materials, the children were exposed to these materials and became ill. The parents in Glen Avon found themselves in a situation where they needed to take action to have their neighborhood cleaned up. Society controls how powerful a social movement becomes. This applies to Environmental Justice. Society has allowed environmental justice activists to get many neighborhoods cleaned up. and prevent unwanted waste from being placed in more neighborhoods. Environmental Justice will continue to grow as a social movment. More activists will become involved in the movement as their communities are effected. The amount of people involved with the movement will continue to grow until there is a national legislation that protects the rights of all people against environmental injustces. Although environmental justice appears to be a social movement, it is unclear at this point exactly how successful the movement will be.
Name: James Douglas Haberlen
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Dr. Scott A. Wissinger, Dr. Milt L. Ostrofsky
Title: Downstream Recovery of Invertebrate Communities Following the Construction of Passive Treatment Wetlands to Mitigate Acid Mine Drainage
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a water pollution problem that effects many mining regions across the United States. AMD is characterized by high concentrations of sulfuric acid, iron, aluminum and other chemicals. AMD can contaminate human water supplies, costing millions of dollars to treat, as well as destroy entire aquatic ecosystems. Pennsylvania has nearly 2500 miles of streams that are contaminated by AMD. Remediations steps were taken in 1994-95, when the State initiated the Comprehensive Mine Reclamation Strategy (CMRS). CMRS selected eight watersheds throughout the state for AMD treatment. Slippery Rock Creek had been chosen as one of the host watersheds, as well as the location of this study. Although an understanding of the water chemistry is important, it is imperative that water quality management approaches include an assessment of the biological community. The purpose of this study is to determine the downstream recovery of invertebrate communities following the construction of three ALD Passive Treatment Wetlands to mitigate AMD in the Slippery Rock Creek Watershed. I hypothesized that these wetlands should increase the health of the downstream aquatic ecosystems. More sensitive species, such as Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) should have higher richness, density and diversity than those at unmitigated sites. Three groups of streams were tested; non AMD impacted, remediated and AMD impacted. Within each group three tributaries were sampled. Sampling was done using three Hester Dendy Multiple Plate Artificial Substrate Sampler (MPASS) at each stream. Overall fauna revealed that non AMD impacted streams had the highest level of total and EPT richness, density and diversity; while rernediated and AMD impacted streams were less explicit. EPT density and diversity all showed evidence that the remediated streams were healthier than the AMD impacted streams, but not as successful as the non AMD impacted streams. Paraleuctsa comprised a majority of the Plecoptera composition for both the non AMD impacted and the remediated streams. Although not as healthy as the non AMD impacted streams, remediation methods seem to show evidence that the wetlands are helping to alleviate the contamination associated with AMD.
Name: Ellyn M. Hagy
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Dr. James Palmer and Dr. Milton Ostrofsky
Title: Ability of Brassica juncea, Hesperis matronalis, Brassica oleracea, and Lobutaria maritima to accumulate Pb for the purpose of Phytoremediation on Residential Landscapes
Feasibility of phytoremediation strategies for lead (Pb) in residential areas was studied in four ornamental species within the Brassicaea family. After approximately one month of growth, the plant species Brassica juncea, Lobularia maritima, Hesperis matronalis and Brassica oleracea were treated and tested for lead accumulation with PbNO3 at 5000 ppm Pb and KNO3 as a control for 10 days. A significant accumulation of lead was found in all four species in the roots reaching 15,600 ppm Pb. H. matronalis was the only species to significantly accumulate Pb in aboveground biomass at an average of 11,235 ppm Pb in the stems. No significant differences were found in treatment and control species in growth, thus suggesting the treatments were not toxic. It can be concluded from this study that H. matronalis may be an adequate species for phytoremediation on residential landscapes.
Name: Diana Hall
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: James Palmer and Scott Wissinger
Title: The Synergistic Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on the Sexual Development and Survival Rates of Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog)
The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether environmental estrogens in combination have a greater or more severe effect on the sexual development and survival rates of the X. laevis tadpoles. Through the examination of the different types of effects that are seen in both humans and wildlife, it is obvious to why it is so important to have a better understand of how these chemicals function in the environment. The reduction in reproductive quality of individuals is the major effect seen in both humans and wildlife. Xenopus tadpoles were chosen as the organism for this experiment because they are easily cared for, durable, and relatively disease resistant animals.
The experiment had three distinct parts: the range tests, the single tests, and the combination experiment. The range test was to determine the concentration of chemicals, either atrazine or endosulfan. that would be used in the next stage of the experiment. Survival rates were recorded and examined. The single tests were used to determine the effects that the chemicals, either atrazine (atz), endosulfan (endo), or estradiol (estra, the positive control and a form of estrogen), had on the reproductive structures of the tadpoles after metamorphosis. However, all of the tadpoles in the experiments experienced mortality prior to metamorphosis. Therefore, the survival rates were examined for this stage of the experiment as well. The combination experiment was used to determine the effects on survival that the chemicals in combination would have (Atrazine + Endosulfan). Two different concentrations were used to get preliminary results. One set of concentrations were high (Atz 5.Oppm and Endo 1.Oppm) and the other set of concentrations were low (Atz 1.l5ppm and Endo 0.25ppm).
The experiments results were not found to be significant when comparing the combination experiment with the single tests. However, the concentration of the chemicals themselves are significant to the mean number of days survived (p<0.05). Chi-squared tests done on the single tests of atrazine and endosulfan were found to be significant (act chi-squared = 3.95, p<0.05, 1 df; endo chi-squared = 5.67, p<0.05, 1 df). There was no significant difference between the concentrations of the combination experiments or the estradiol single test (combo chi-squared = 0.53 and estra chi-squared = 2.67). The results that are most significant for this experiment as a whole are the interaction observed between the concentration of the specific chemical and the mean number of days survived. This data shows that the mean number of days survived for both atrazine and endosulfan are lower than the positive control. This could be due to the chemicals (in pesticide/herbicide form) acting with the miscellaneous chemicals found in the pesticide/herbicide, or due to characteristics of the tadpoles.
Name: Victoria Hunker
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Dr. Rich Bowden, Dr. Eric Pallant
Title: Soil nutrition and root foraging patterns in red maple (Acer rubrum) and red oak (Quercus rubra) seedlings in three land use types in Central Massachusetts
Historic, agricultural land-use across New England produced different soil disturbance regimes, influencing soil nutrient distribution. A change in nutrient distribution can alter tree seedling growth and biomass allocation patterns. Across three land-use sites (plowed: vegetation removed, forest floor and mineral soil mixed; pastured: vegetation removed; woodlot: some vegetation removal), root distribution was determined for red maple and red oak seedlings (n=15). At 2-cm soil-depth increments, organic matter (OM), carbon, nitrogen, root mass, root length, and root area were measured. Soil(g/cc) at the woodiot contains signiflcantly(p<0.05) higher N (0.006), OM (0.323), and C (0.145) compared to pasture (N= 0.003, OM = 0.244, C= 0.121) and plowed sites (N= 0.005, OM= 0.231, C= 0.102). Red maple fine root mass, coarse root mass, fine root length, and fine root area all follow a significant (p~z0.05) trend across sites: plowed> pasture> woodlot. Red oak has a weaker response between sites. Root distribution by depth also shows differences among the different land-use regimes. Red oak fine root area is highly concentrated in the upper horizons and then decreases drastically with depth; whereas, fine root area at the plowed and pasture sites remains more constant. The average aboveground/belowground ratio was woodlot (red maple = 0.96±.04, red oak = l.34±.02)> pasture (red maple = 0.85±.02 , red oak = l.31±~04) > plowed (red maple =0 .96±.04, red oak = l.00±.02). Results suggest land-use has altered soil nutrient content and seedling root patterns.
Name: Melissa Jerdon
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Eric Pallant, Rich Bowden
Title: Reincarnating Rockefeller Jr. A comprehensive revitalization plan for Forest Hill Park
I applied the concept of environmental land-use planning to Forest Hill Park in Ohio. With approximately two thirds of the park's property within the municipal limits of East Cleveland and one third within the municipal limits of Cleveland Heights, the total area of the park approximates 226 acres and was donated by John K. Rockefeller, Jr. Along with the donation of the land, Rockefeller Jr. had three underlying goals for the development of this land back in 1938:
1) The area be used by the most people for the most options possible
2) The area be developed in such a way that redevelopment would be possible in the future to meet the changing needs of the changing times
3) All development, both in 1938 and in the future, be done under strict environmental care so as to maintain the greatest environmental quality possible (Taylor 1938).
The purpose of this study was to devise a development plan for Forest Hill Park that kept in mind the same areas of focus that the original planning prospectus from 1938 did. The 1938 plan was a very reputable plan because it fell under the category of a "comprehensive" framework. It took into account environmental aspects of development and the possible social outcomes which may result as a product of development The need for the development of a new plan has arisen because many of the guidelines of the original plan were not followed leaving the park, some 60 years later, in a deteriorating state. The main concern is that planners need to consider the quantity, distribution, location, and quality of natural resources within the area before they progress with development. Through the years these factors have been overlooked in Forest Hill Part, and this project analyzes some of the reasons why this may have occurred and then presents the recommendations for how these negative impacts/outcomes may be abated.
What I found was that two of the main reasons for the deteriorating state of the park revolve around economics and social inequalities. Fortunately, many citizens within the community surrounding Forest Hill Park have become genuinely concerned about the parks's well being. Through their combined efforts and this report, it is my hope that further redevelopment within Forest Hill Park will be done, once again, in a comprehensive, environmental style.
Name: Margaret L Johnston
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Studiesl Economics
Thesis Committee: Terry Bensel and Don Goldstein
Title: Effectiveness of Ecosystem Valuation Techniques in Natural Resource Development Decision-Making
Natural resources, wetlands in particular, are being depleted at increasing rates, though the societal benefits, such as flood control, are becoming more apparenL Wetlands are lost due to agricultural, commercial, and residential development and development versus preservation decisions are currently made by the Section 404 guidelines of the federal Clean Water Act. These guidelines fail to take into account the functions and benefits of wetlands because these functions and benefits are seldom expressed in dollar amounts as they are not generally bought or sold in the market. Ecosystem valuation techniques have been proposed to estimate dollar values for functions and benefits of natural resources with no market value. This comprehensive project examines three ecosystem valuation methods: travel cost, replacement cost and contingent valuation and evaluates their applicability and usefulness in a policy framework~ While none of these techniques provide an exact measure of dollar value, the five ecosystem valuation case studies examined in this comprehensive project show that useful economic estimates of natural resources can be made when employing travel cost, replacement cost or contingent valuation methods.
The case of Sweeden's Swamp, in Attleboro, Massachusetts, is examined as an example of a decision made under the Section 404 guidelines. In this case, the proposed Attleboro Mall development project was rejected by the Army Corps of Engineers following the Section 404 guidelines. The outcome of this decision may have differed had ecosystem valuation techniques been applied. If contingent valuation or replacement cost techniques had been applied to the Sweeden's Swamp case (since Sweeden's Swamp does not have many ecological functions of high value and is used more frequently by the public as a dump site) the results would have likely shown that developing the wetlands into a mall would be the more economically efficient decision in this case. However, in most other cases of development versus preservation, ecosystem valuation methods, when used as a tool to aid the decision-making process, would reveal that preservation would be the more economically (and ecologically) efficient decision. It is essential to realize that development decisions should not be based solely on ecosystem valuation estimates. Yet, these valuation results can be combined with scientific and ecological information to reach more balanced decisions in cases of natural resource development versus preservation.
Name: Ana Marl Katic
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Michael Maniates, Michael Stevens and Terrence
Bensel
Title: Environmental Persistence: An Explanation
Since its emergence, the environmental movement has evolved to become a successful force in American society. Part of this success may be attributed to public support which has been accompanied by laws and regulations designed to solve the problems defined by the movement. Along with this success, the relevance and duration of the mainstream environmental movement has been questioned. Some argue that once a movement like the environmental movement becomes embedded within society and the problems it defines are coming to be solved, the movement will eventually disappear. Others argue that although the problem may eventually go away, the institutions established as a result of the problem will not perish. The duration of the environmental movement is also challenged by the increase in grassroots activity. Many of these grassroots coalitions accuse the mainstream organizations of being too removed and too bureaucratic to deal with the real problems of the time. Thus, they have begun to fight their own battle, subsequently questioning the performance and significance of the environmental movement. However, in the midst of such challenge, the environmental movement continues to persist. The following work ventures to explain this persistence by examining both the external and internal forces of the movement. The external component of this analysis concludes that the character of the environmental issue enables it to capture and maintain public attention better than other social issues. In addition, the internal component concludes that as an organization matures, it experiences organization deterioration and increased bureaucratization which influence the duration of the movement's existence. Thus, due to both its external and internal forces the environmental movement will continue to exist.
Name: Keith Kozicki
Date: Spring 1997
Major. Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Dr. James Palmer, Dr. Jeffrey Dunbar
Title: Teaching Environmental Science In an Upper Elementary Classroom
The result of this project is a handbook for elementary educators to teach environmental science concepts in their classrooms, without leaving their current curriculum. It begins with a description of best teaching practices and contains ways to implement them into various lessons. Included in this section are: active learning; thematic instruction,, content, process, and pedagogy; community involvement; parental involvement; and alternative assessments. It then covers the basics forunderstanding major environmental concepts. Concepts covered incorporate intereonnectedness, there is no away," nature knows best, there's no such thing as a free lunch, energy flow, diversity, community, change, adaptation, common pool resources, and the idea of the steady state. Following this are two lesson plans that were field tested, which incorporate the ideas presented in this project After each lesson plan is an evaluation which gives the readers alternative project ideas and ways to adapt the existing lesson plans. Also included in the project are examples of the environmental lesson plans available over the internet. Each of these lessons is evaluated according to the concepts distinguished as appropriate by this project.
Name: Kristi Lang
Date: April, 1997
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Dr. Terrence Bensel, Prof. Susan Curtin
Title: Assessing the Role of Environmental Education Pm-Packaged Cuniculums With Respect to Students. Teachers and Administrators.
An increase in environmental degradation has caused many problems over the past 25 years. Environmental education is one approach to take in order to help change these problems. Environmental education can promote awareness which, in theory, will create interest This interest will hopefully lead people to be more environmentally friendly and help to change or prevent more destruction from occurring.
Environmental organizations are becoming more actively involved. The Teachers Guide to World Resources and the Project Learning Tree axe two environmental education guides which have been created by an organization. These guides are one way that environmental awareness can be promoted. Environmental organizations are designing these guides to help teachers implement education into the classroom.
Both the Teacher's Guide to World Resources and the Project Learning Tree were analyzed based on a set of criteria designed for this project These criteria focused on personal development, continued learning, specialization and human relations. These criteria was then based on student, teacher and administrative needs. Both social and emotional development was also looked at, as well as child psychological development.
Both of these guides were thought to be beneficial. The lessons that they entail are easy to implement into the classroom. They can be adapted to fit almost any classroom and require little materials. The one major problem, however, is that they do not adapt to special needs learners. Besides this drawback, these guides are beneficial to use with an already established curriculum.
Name: Brent Lemon
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Michael Maniates, Terry Bensel, Steve Stroman
Title: Resisting the Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights: Sowing the Seeds of Reform?
This projects explores the resistance to the globalization of intellectual property rights through the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights agreement of the General Agrement on Tariffs and Trade. At issue is whether or not resistance to the TRIPs agreement is sufficient to indicate that policy changes will occur. The subtcxt of this assessment is whether this resistance is the vanguard of a much broader movement that questions globalization and the asswnptions about development that drive it The first chapter introduces the conflict between the processes of economic and environmental globalization as the larger debate being examined in this project The sccond chapter provides the analytical tools and goals for use in examining the resistance groups. The third chapter documents the resistance occurring, and the fourth chapter asseses the prospect for the success of these resistance movements using the analytical framework set up in chapter two. The results of this project indicate that there is a limited opportunity for the resistance to the globalization of IPR to be successful. The fundamental questioning of globalization in the context of environmental and social concerns is the primary success that can be discerned. Whether or not this questioning leads to widespread challenges to globalization remains to be seen.
Name: Amy Elizabeth Leptic
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Jim Palmer and Nancy Lowmaster
Title: Water Water Everywhere: French Creek and Riparian Buffer Zones Making the Environmental Education Connection
Environmental Education (EE) has emerged as a distinct discipline over the past 25 years. Recent research in the field has called for a reevaluation of what has been accomplished in EE and as well as made recommendations for the future of the discipline. One salient recommendation calls for a localization of environmental education curriculums to emphasize environmental issues and/or problems that are pertinent to a specific local area. This thesis traces the history of environmental education and links EE to the Meadville area through an examination of the importance of riparian buffer zones and the French Creek Watershed. Specifically, it creates a connection between environmental education and a Meadville child's local environment and stresses the importance of streamside forests through active learning activities. Original activities include a stream simulation in which students become parts of a working stream system, and a French Creek food chain puzzle in which students research a creek organism and design a puzzle piece that is part of a classroom food pyramid. Also included is plans for a classroom stream model that allows for student exploration of stream processes.
Name: James C. Manzella
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Michael Stevens & Michael Maniates
Title: Superfund: Can the problems with implementation be solved?
My comp examines the Superfund legislation, which is an act that is responsible for making sure that hazardous and toxic waste sites across the country are cleaned up. I explored this act because it has not worked out the way that Congress had intended. hi this comp I made the assumption that the act's ineffectivness was due in large part to how it is enforced and implemented. I looked at several main problems that I found in the present forms of implementation, such as speed of clean up. cost of clean up, transaction costs, fairness of the liability scheme, and efficiency of the program as a whole. I then moved on to suggest implementation options that helped to remedy some of these problems. I had first intended to find a single implementation strategy that would help solve all of the problems that the comp explores. However, after doing my research I learned that the waste sites differed far too much to apply just one strategy. Additionally I found that this program would be best served by giving the EPA, the agency in charge of the programs implementation, more flexibility to chooses remedy that would fit each individual site.
Name: Jennifer McGouldrick
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Communication Arts/Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Mike Keeley, Jim Palmer and Michael Mehler
Title: Riparian Zones in the French Creek Watershed
The goal of my senior thesis was to produce a documentary which will educate the viewers about the importance of riparian zones along French Creek and convince them that it is important that they are preserved. The target audience for the documentary is the landowner along French Creek or one of its tributaries, although someone who owns land along a different waterway or who is interested in issues dealing with the interaction between humans and nature would learn something useful from watching. Also, anyone who lives in a municipality that gets its drinking water from French Creek, such as Cambridge Springs, or anyone who uses French Creek for recreational purposes would benefit from watching this video. After viewing the video, the audience should be motivated to join a group and take action to maintain the riparian vegetation since they will realize that their interests are affected by what condition the riparian zone is in. The reason that French Creek landowners are the focus is because the subject is in their backyard, the material in the video pertains to them specifically, and it is their actions that have a direct effect on the riparian areas.
This video shows how the riparian zone, an area that many people know little or nothing about, plays an integral part in the lives of many people in the vicinity of French Creek. In order to do this, the viewers are informed about the benefits that riparian vegetation provides for humans and other organisms found in the area. There arc three major categories of functions that riparian zones perform which are discussed in the video: controlling nutrient and sediment flow into a stream, providing habitat for wildlife and aquatic creatures, and supporting recreational activities for humans. The documentary states the facts about what riparian zones are, what functions they perform, and why they should be preserved. Then, solutions are offered regarding the maintenance of the vegetation in the area. 'I'he intent of the video is not to offend or attack anyone and imply that they are doing things wrong with respect to the riparian areas; rather, its goal is to inform the viewers about actions that may be harmful to the ripanian zone and exacdy why it is that they could be problematic. After watching the documentary, the viewer should walk away with a better knowledge of riparian zones and as a result, should feel the need to take action to preserve them.
Name: Telly Molinaro
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Professor Eric Pallant and Professor Terry
Bensel
Title: The Purrrrrfect Tilapia Feed?
Aquaculture is one of the more successful sustainable operations throughout the world. it is a fairly inexpensive operation with a profitable outcome both environmentally and economically. One of the more costly parts of the aquaculture business is the feed that is given to the species that is being produced. This experiment is an attempt to try to find a less expensive substitute to conventional fish feed. Hikari Cichlid Staple and Purina Kitten Chow were tested on Tilapia, tilapla nilotica, to see if there would be differences in various water quality parameters, Tilapia growth, and waste generation. Tilapia is one of the more successful species raised in the aquaculture business. It is a Cichlid fish that is characterized by its hardiness and ability to breed cheaply. Four 10 gallon aquariums were set up with attached aerators and filters. Five Tilapia were placed in each aquarium and tested for 40 feeding days. Two aquariums were fed Hikari Cichlid Staple and two were fed Purina Kitten Chow. The experiment was monitored for changes in alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, NH,, total chloride, temperature, pH, qualitative changes, waste generation, and Tilapia growth.Very similar results were found for both feeds in the various water quality parameters, Tilapia growth, and waste generation. From these similar results between the two feeds, it can be concluded that it is more economical to use the Purina Kitten Chow as a feed for Tilapia because it costs approximately 90% less per pound.
Name: Marian Norris
Date: Spring 1997
Major(s): Biology and Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Scott Wissinger, James Palmer, Mark Lord
Title: Adaptation of the Riparian, Channel and Environmental Inventory for Use by High School
Students and for Use on Small Streams of the French Creek Watershed
A tread towards a holistic approach has emerged in non-point source monitoring. Many assessment tools are money and time intensive and do not lead easily to rapid assessment and lay-person participation. The goals of my study were to test the applicability of a rapid assessment technique used successfully in other geographic areas, to the French Creek Watershed and to determine the level of experience necessary for conducting an RCE Inventory in those streams. I hypothesized that those streams in drainage basins dominated by agriculture will have lower RCE scores than streams with drainage basins that are mostly forested, and at least an undergraduate science background is necessary to effectively use the RCE as it was designed (Peterson 1992).
The RCE as designed by Robert C. Petersen (1992) was used to inventory eight small agricultural streams in the French Creek watershed to calibrate the inventory for use in the watershed. The scores were compared to water chemistry data for the sites. Land-usc was the cause of most of the variation among RCE scores for the eight steams. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and suspended sediments caused smaller amounts of the variation. Multiple site protocol is best suited to the heterogeneous land-use patterns of the watershed. To determine the appropriate education level for use of the inventory, three education groups represented by high school students, college students, and professors used the inventory on Gravel Run, an agriculturally impacted stream in the watershed, and Woodcock Creek, a forested stream in the watershed. High school students tended to score the streams higher than the other two groups. Based on the categories that differed modifications were suggested to the RCE including specification of sculpins and darters in the fish characteristic and Ephemeroplera. Plecoptera, and Trichoptera in the bottom-dwelling aquatic invertebrate characteristic, as well as other minor changes in wording or standardization of methods.
Name: Mark D. Norris
Date: Spring, 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Dr. Richard Bowden and Dr. Milt Ostrofsky
Title: Forest composition following abandonment of agricultural land at the Harvard Forest LTER
Presently, the vast majority of New England is forested as a result of natural reforestation following the l830's when the region was 85% cleared for agricultural purposes. This project examined forest composition in response to three past land-use legacies (plowed: vegetation removed, soil mixed; pasture: vegetation removed; and woodlot: selective vegetation removed) using six 30x50m sites (n=2/treatment). Seedlings and saplings were located to a ixim resolution and larger trees were mapped. Greater species richness (treeslsite) was found in the plowed (18) and pastured (18.5) sites than in the woodlots (16.5). However, overstory richness was reversed with plowed (6) <pastured (8) <woodlot (95). Species composition reflects differential site successional status. Intolerant, early successional species such as white pine and paper birch are still abundant in cleared sites (up to 44% of total stems) whereas hemlock was abundant only in the woodlot sites (16%). Woodlot sites have accumulated the greatest biomass (MT/ha): woodlot (253)> pasture (149)> plowed (138). Red oak (40-73% of total biomass) and red maple (9-34%) contribute most to biomass across all sites. Results indicate that even after nearly 170 years of development, forests still show land-use impacts on species composition.
Name: Nathan Quaglia
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Eric Pallant, Michael Maniates
Title: The Feasibility of Whether Smart Wood's Timber Certification Process can be Applied to Private Land Holdings Approximately 50 Acres or Less
Timber certification programs in the United States today have
become a significant part of the timber industry, both from
a producer and consumer standpoint. This thesis describes one
particular timber certification agency, Smart Wood, and depicts
the feasibility of applying its procedures to small private
wood lots most indicative of northwestern Pennsylvania.
Through an evaluation of Smart Wood, this thesis describes the
underlying problems concerning the timber industry's inability
to come up with a universal definition of sustainability. Surrounding
this issue, this thesis further describes a major problem of
whether a timber certification plan administered by Smart Wood
can be compatible with a landowner's objectives and financial
capabilities.
In addition to the evaluation of Smart Wood and where timber certification stands at present, this thesis describes current procedures being implemented by state forestry programs and why these programs, at this point, are more suitable to a private landowner's objectives.
Name: Amy Renshaw
Date: Spring, 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Dr. Ron Cole, Dr. Scott Wissinger
Title: An evaluation of the geologic siting criteria for low-level radioactive waste facility, using GIS: A case study of Crawford County. PA
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Pennsylvania geologic siting criteria that are being followed for siting a low-level radioactive waste (LLRW) facility in Pennsylvania. Low-level radioactive waste comes from a variety of sources, such as hospitals, nuclear power plants, laboratories, and radiophannaceutical production. Since the inception of the Appalachian Compact, a coalition which includes Delaware, West Virginia, and Maryland, which allows these states to dispose of their low-level radioactive waste in one location, it has been agreed that Pennsylvania will host the low-level radioactive waste facility within it's boundaries. An independent company, Chem Nuclear Inc. was contracted by the state of Pennsylvania to select three potential areas within the state to site a waste facility. Crawford County is one of the potential areas that could have a LLRW facility in it's future. As a part of this process, a siting map was produced using disqualifying criteria outlined in state regulations. This map has eliminated 50% of Crawford County as being unsuitable for the waste facility. To test the existing siting map and evaluate the geologic criteria used for locating LLRW disposal sites, a geographic information system (GIS) was used to construct a new siting map. The criteria included are streams, bedrock, public water supplies, natural boundaries, dams, wetlands, slopes of greater than 15%, and fioodplains. By using these criteria, 93% of Crawford County was disqualified in this study. The differences that exist between the two maps, is due to the greater area disqualified by the stream buffer layer. This is because Chem Nuclear only disqualified a certain stream order and above, while this study included every stream. Another important result of this study was that pathways of contaminant travel through groundwater should also be considered when evaluating regulations. This includes ideas such as contaminant movement on soil colloids, which allow low-level radioactive particles to not only travel more quickly than previously thought, but also greater distances.
Name: Christopher Resek
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Richard D. Bowden, James Palmer
Title: Annual Biomass Nitrogen Accumulation in Riparian Forests in the Gravel Run Watershed, Northwestern, Pennsylvania.
Riparian zones are being recognized as an effective tool in addressing nonpoint source pollution. such as excessive nutrients, in agricultural watersheds. Riparian forests can help prevent nutrient enrichment of streams by taking up nutrients (usually nitrogen in the form of nitrate, and phosphorus) from the groundwater passing through the zones and sequestering the nutrients in tree biomass or soil.
This study investigates the accumulation of nitrogen in riparian forest biomass for the Gravel Run Watershed, Northwestern, PA. Riparian zone trees in 14 sites throughout the watershed were cored for growth and nutrient content analysis. Biornass, nitrogen content, and nitrogen accumulation for each of the sites was determined. Plots were chosen to represent the different riparian ecotones based on species composition, forest maturity, and location. Areas for each riparian zone type was determined.
In this studied watershed, approximately 32 ha. of a variety of riparian forests are joining together to accumulate nitrogen in above and below ground tree biomass at an average rate of 40.64 kg/ha/yr. For 1996, these riparian areas sequestered 1,562 kg of N in tree biomass. It was determined that the annual riparian tree uptake of .30mg N /L was keeping approximately 44% of the nitrate in this watershed from reaching the stream. Reducing the amount of nitrogen reaching the stream was accomplished with approximately only 1t2 of the riparian zones in this watershed in place.
This study provides evidence for the ability of riparian zones in a local watershed to take up nutrients and to act as controllers of nonpoint nutrient enrichment, thus improving stream water quality in the watershed.
Name: Brett Rodstrom
Date: Spring, 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Scott Wissinger, James Palmer
Title: Formulating Indices of Biological Integrity (IBIs) for Western Pennsylvania Streams
Traditional chemical and physical water quality testing has been the widely accepted water quality monitoring practice since the environmental legislative reform of the 1970s. However, it is becoming common practice to use biological monitoring as a more accurate measure of the overall river and stream health. Because of this growing trend, water quality monitors are now using indices of biotic integrity (IBIs) to gain a comparative insight into the health of particular aquatic ecosystem in question. Biotic indices such as the Invertebrate Community Index (ICI) and the Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (B-IBI) have become the most accurate methods for determining over all biotic integrity in stream ecosystems. The goal of this study was to determine the biotic integrity of three streams (Slippery Rock Creek, Neshannock Creek, and Connoquenessing Creek) in the Beaver River watershed and compare them to existing data from a different watershed in western Pennsylvania. I also wanted to compare the use of the benthic surber sampler with the Hester-Dendy Multiple Plate Artificial Substrate Sampler (MPASS). The data from both of these samplers were scored according to criteria set forth by previously modified versions of both the ICI and the B-IBI.
Results showed that there was no significant difference between the two samplers unless a habitat variable was present. In this case the surber sampler showed significant differences in the ability to measure biotic integrity according to B-IBI metric scoring criteria. According to the ICI, the three streams showed no significant difference in their biotic integrity. When scored according to the B-IBI however, Neshannock Creek showed a significant difference from the other two streams. The scoring attributes of both of the indices also showed significant differences between streams as well as habitat types. The total scores from both indices compared to those from earlier studies done on tributaries of the French Creek watershed. The ICI ranked all but two of the streams (Oil Creek and French Creek) as heavily impacted by humans . Oil Creek and French Creek were categorized as moderately impacted by humans. The B-IBI categorized all seven streams as least impacted by man. Although the MPASS showed no significant differences in sampling effectiveness, it was still concluded that there was not enough evidence for the switch from the surber to the MPASS. Further studies relating seasonal differences, simplified experimental designs, and larger replicate are recommended in order to get a true assessment of the effectiveness of the samplers and the overall biotic integrity of the tributaries of the Beaver River in northwestern Pennsylvania.
Name: Kelly A. Ross
Date: Spring. 1997
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Dr. Terrence Bensel, Dr. Steve Stroman
Title: An Economic Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Pollution Control on French Creek.
Despite the many economic values and ecological functions rivers provide for humans, rivers have not been treated with the respect they deserve. Rivers have traditionally been treated as a common property resource. This senior project explores some reasons for the exploitation of rivers. To early industrialists Case studies of the Merrimack and Ohio rivers provide examples of how and why rivers have become polluted due to industrialization.
Attempting to place a dollar value on the benefits protecting a river's water quality is one way to reduce the exploitation of rivers. To place a dollar value on the benefits of pollution control it is necessary to first identify the beneficial functions river provide. Welfare economic theories can then be used to determine what level of protection is most cost effective. This project explores the current costs of protection of French Creek including the cost of a new sewage treatment plant and the cost borne by industries who are required to purchase National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. Also included in this project is an evaluation of the benefits French Creek and other natural resources of the area provide.
Use of cost-benefit analysis to quantify the non-market benefits of river water quality benefits could help policy makers to create water quality regulations that provide higher levels of protection without spending more money. Taking non-market benefits into account when making decision on how to regulate point-source discharges can justify strict but fair regulation of these sources of pollution.
Name: Elizabeth Anne Scheuer
Date: Spring 1997
Major. Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Professors Eric Pallant and Mark Lord
Title: Presque Isle State Park: Natural Wonder, or Army Corps Blunder? A Comprehensive Comparative Study of the Breakwater Erosion Control System at Presque Isle State Park, Erie, PA.
Presque Isle State Park is a unique and diverse land mass that reaches out from the shoreline of Pennsylvania into Lake Erie. This 3200 acre landformn is home to many species of plants and animals, and exhibits ecological zones of succession across this seven mile strip of sand. The beaches of Presque Isle provide many people with recreational activities over the course of a year, and especially in the summer months, the peninsula very busy. Gull Point, which is located at the eastern most tip of the peninsula, is a fragile and constantly changing ecosystem, that is home to many migrating and shore birds.
Concern had been raised by local interests, The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, the Presque Isle State Park Advisory Committee, and representatives of the Buffalo District of the Army Corps of Engineers, and therefore it was deemed necessary to implement the breakwaters at Presqoc Isle in order to preserve the beaches, as well as the environment that they provide within this constantly changing ecosystem. Looking specifically at the effects of the breakwaters on the peninsula system as a whole, are these structures doing their job?
Going to Presque Isle, the park office, and the Stull Interpretive
Center, talking with numerous people at the park, and those
involved with the breakwater project; talking with people from
the Army Corps of Engineers, and the Department of Environmental
Protection; as well as making my own observations arid notes
about the park, allowed me to come to a conclusion about the
current status of the peninsula regarding the objectives of
the breakwater plan of erosion control.
Looking at the original goals of the breakwater plan, as outlined
by the Army Corps of Engineers in the erosion control project,
the breakwaters are in fact slowing the force of erosion to
the beaches of Presque Isle. The cost of annual sand nourishment
is also being cut, because less sand is applied to the park
every year. These breakwaters are also helping to accumulate
sand behind the breakwaters for the beaches. The downside to
this is that there is some erosion occurring at Gull Point,
down drift of the last breakwater at Beach 10. These breakwaters
are also a potential source of safety hazards to the people
using the beaches. Finally, the breakwaters are thought to take
away from the aesthetics of the peninsula, especially regarding
the view of the lake, and the sunsets that Presque Isle is famous
for. Basically, the breakwaters appear to be doing what they
were intended to do in the first place, albeit with some negative
consequences.
Name: Christa A. Starr
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Terrence Bensel, Giles Wayland-Smith
Title: Structural Adjustment in Central Americar Exporting the Future?
This comprehensive project investigates the often elusive links between debt and environmental degradation in the third world. Acknowledging that the indirect impacts of debt burdens can, in some cases, be more devastating for natural resources than indirect consequences, it outlines the manner in which the pressures of international finance can lead to a marked decline in soil and water quality in debt-plagued regions. First, the history of the international debt crisis is outlines, noting that the most recent crisis came about in response to a combination of contemporary economic triggers (e.g. the rise in real interest rates, the fall in commodity prices, etc.) and more historical structural biases (i.e. colonialism, international and political power structures). Next, the process of structural adjustment is traced, including an examination of the role of international lending agencies and the shortcoming of recent initiatives like the Baker and Brady plans, as well the most recent attempt at partial forgiveness, the Toronto Initiative. Then the theory of Ecological Economics is contrasted with the traditional tenets of Neo-classical economics to emphasize that traditional economic activity has failed to properly factor the quality of resources and natural ecosystem functions into economic equations and activity. Interactions between the economy, polity, society and environment are described to emphasize the indirect manner in which debt burdens may affect all aspects of life. In an effort to more carefully trace the environmental degradation caused by debt burdens, soil and water degradation associated with agro-export cultivation in Central America is detailed. More specifically, coffee and banana plantations in Costa Rica and Honduras are examined for unsustainable practices that have been elevated by structural adjustment pressures to increase the exportation of agricultural commodities. In order to alleviate the debt crisis pressure, debt forgiveness is prescribed on a general level. Yet this solution in highly unlikely as an immediately feasible solution, therefore debt mechanisms that include sustainability clauses are most desirable in the interim. However, these recommendations do not replace the need for the implementation of sustainable development practices in agriculture and beyond. An inherent shift to a stream of economic thought that accurately measures natural resource contribution to economic prosperity is required. Nations and communities must adopt their own sustainable development agendas that can include, for example, the use of agroforestry techniques, integrated pest management strategies, organic fertilization and fanning, cooperatives, and some aspects of land redistribution.
Name: Jennifer Taggart
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Eric Pallant, Steve Stroman, Brian Hill
Title: "Share the Road": Establishing a Bicycle Route along French Creek to Link Meadville, PA to Franklin, PA
The purpose of this study is to show the feasibility of establishing a bicycle route along French Creek in order to connect Meadville, PA to Franklin, PA. Thereby promoting recreation, tourism, and the environmental and historical features of Northwestern Pennsylvania. This route would also provide an essential link to connect Meadville, PA to other bike mutes and trails around Franklin, PA. These trails extend southward towards the Pittsburgh area. This is a key factor because by the year 2000, there will be trails connecting Pittsburgh, PA to Washington, D.C., providing the avid cyclist with over 368 miles of bicycling enjoyment.
There are many benefits to establishing a bike route. One reason is that tourism has become a major economic industry in the past two or three decades. More tourism and more people coming to an area increases economic opportunities for small towns and businesses. It has been calculated that a single person, who vacations away from home, can spend around $65/night (Jakle, 1985). For every restaurant, motel, bed and breakfast, convenience store a tourist visits, that means more revenue for the community - everyone benefits. In an area like Northwestern Pennsylvania, the tourism industry is an answer to the problem of economic woes brought on from a decrease in industry that have caused a high percentage of unemployment. A rural bicycle route would enhance tourism, therefore, enhancing revenue in a community.
Several factors were examined in order to establish the best bicycle route. This report contains a detailed study of criterion used to determine the feasibility of a bicycle route along French Creek. The roadway was examined for hazards like, potholes, roadwidth, curves, hills. While the route itself was examined for "attractiveness"- scenery, historical interests, water access, and other opportunities for relaxation and recreation. This study also is equipped with maps to give the reader and cyclist a better layout of the proposed bicycle route and alternative routes.
The proposed route follows closely alongside French Creek providing the cyclist with a scenic voyage along the rural roadways of Northwestern Pennsylvania. If this route were to be established, there are several key factors that must be met. The route has to become an official route; signs need to be bought and posted; and the most important factor, is that people need to become aware of the route--promotion is the key.
Name Bob Tatsch
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Steve Stroman, Robert Seddig
Title: Proposed Takings Legislation and the Effect upon Wetlands
In the past few years, the "Taking" issue has given
rise in our legislative system. proposals have been brought
before both the Federal and state legislatures. Two types of
proposals exist: compensation proposals and assessment proposals.
For example, many of the compensation proposals would require
compensation when a regulatory action such as rezoning results
in a loss of a property's market value for as little as 10 to
20 percent. Opponents of these proposal would argue that the
government is not provided with a rebate when a regulatory action
causes an increase in market value for a piece of property.
"Assessment proposals would require any agency proposing
new land use regulations to establish thorough economic impact
statements which would determine and estimate the economic impact
upon a parcel of land in correspondence with the particular
regulation. These proposals would put undue financial stress
on the same government agencies that protect the environment.
Although no proposed Federal takings legislation has been signed
into law, legislatures in 17 states have passed takings legislation
and another 24 have considered such legislation. If Federal
takings legislation is passed, the compensation and assessment
requirements would bankrupt government agencies whose job is
top~ the environment. If compensation cannot be rewarded, than
the property owner is given the right to use his property in
the intended manner no matter what the detriment to the environment
or fellow property owners.
I approached this issue by discussing the history of takings
in this country, the takings proposals now being introduced,
and the arguments against and for these takings proposals. I
used the proposed Meadville Mall Expansion of 1988-1994 as a
case study to illustrate the negative effect of takings proposals.
With significant support for these proposals, I have offered
advice for planners and local governments to deal with these
proposals if they are indeed passed. Because the takings issue
has little to do with science, the emphasis of my analysis and
recommendations arc related to the political, economic, and
social implications of takings.
Name: Kathleen E. Uglow
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Rich Bowden, Sue Buck
Title: AMAZING CREEKS! AN EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND COLORING BOOK
Activity and coloring books are widely used in schools and by various groups as an effective educational vehicle. This senior comp project consists of a 36-page activity and coloring book about streams that encourages young students to have fun while they are learning. The book has two compatible themes. One is the importance of stream ecosystems in general, and the other is a "story line" that flows like water from page to page, explaining specific pertinent information about French Creek. By using French Creek as a case study rather than as the subject matter of the book, the application and scope of the project is broadened. Not only may the book be used by organizations like French Creek Project, it is appropriate for other groups purposes or for introduction into the classroom.
The topics introduced in the book are of an interdisciplinary nature. Activities are grouped into the following general topics: (I) the importance of creeks in community history, (2) the value of creeks for human usage. (3) stream pollution, (4) biodiversity, (5) endangered species, (6) water properties, and (7) ecosystem interconnectedness.
The book's activities, including making a mobile, creating a life-sized Heilbender model, experimenting with water, constructing a puzzle and putting together a paper food chain, were designed to emphasize a hands on learning approach, thus encouraging active involvement by the student. Original art work is used throughout the book to enhance the appeal of the content, and to nudge the student's curiosity about the activities. The art work also ties the book together into a cohesive presentation of ideas.
Name: Scott Van Deusen
Date: April 1997
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Dr. Steven Stroman, Dr. Eric Pallant
Title: Reauthorization of the Endangered Species Act: Political and Biological Realities and Changes
The Endangered Species act has required reauthorization for several Congressional sessions. This has been a result of the inability of Congress to agree upon what the problems with the act are and what the future of the act should be. Reviewing the current conditions and stating the revisions that need to be made In order for the act to be reauthorized are the purpose of this paper. This focuses upon three major issues; listing, recovery plans and the addition of incentives to a regulatory act The premise behind the selection of these issues is that the act can be made more effective through changes to the listing and recovery processes and more politically acceptable with the addition of incentives. The listing and recovery sections of the act as it is now written have some major flaws that are preventing effective implementation of the act. The addition of incentives to promote voluntary compliance will decrease the regulatory burden upon private landowners. This should serve to remove a great deal of the political pressure preventing the act from being reauthorized. A series of proposals for revisions contrasted with current legislation are offered within each chapter. These revisions offer the best of the ideas available that would be acceptable to the majority of the populace while retaining the effectiveness of the ESA.
Name: Thomas P. Wallace
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Dr. Mark Lord, Dr. Ronald Cole
Title: Nitrogen in French Creeks Groundwater: An Overview and Exploration
This study examined data from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protections Well Head Protection and Drinking Water Quality databases to characterize the 1995 nitrate trends in the French Creek Watershed. Wells were plotted on 1:100.000 scale USGS topographic maps to assess the topographic setting and the percent forest within a 500 meter radius of each well. These variables, along with well depth, yield, and elevation, were compared with nitrate concentrations using standard regression and one way ANOVA statistical tests.
The study found that well depth and percent forest statistically impacted nitrate levels, with r values of -0339 and -0282 respectively. Each of these variables had nitrate values under 1.0 mg/L across their range of values. Well depth was also negatively statistically correlated to percent forest and topographic setting.
Well depth was determined to be an indicator of potential pollution, not a contributor. Agricultural land use, represented by percent forest, was found to be the only major factor in bringing nitrate concentrations above their natural concentration of 1.0 mgJL. Furthermore. wells in highland locations had nitrate concentrations below 1.0 mg/L or above 5.0 mg/L. Nitrate concentrations in valley settings, while containing large numbers of wells above 1.0 mg/L, tended occur below 5.0 mg/L. This relationship stemmed from recharge locations specific land use contributions and discharge areas regional confluence of both nitrate and water.
While this study did not produce a quantitative model to predict groundwater nitrate concentrations in the French Creek watershed, it does indicate that local land uses influence nitrate levels in groundwater, especially in regions with shallow wells, It also provides an overview from which other studies can be launched.
Name: Cheryl Ann Yezek
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Dr. Richard Bowden, Dr. William Bywater
Title: A Changing Public Perception of Animals: The Educational Enhancement of Whale and Dolphin Shows at U.S. Public Aquariums
Shows and demonstrations at public aquariums that involve live marine mammals are the primary factors involved in helping individuals gain a sense of appreciation for the natural world. In order to determine the educational and entertainment content of whale and dolphin shows, 42 aquariums in the United States were contacted. Out of the eleven facilities used in my final analysis, three aquariums emphasized education in their marine mammal demonstrations, while the remaining eight aquariums combined both education and entertainment in their whale and dolphin shows. It is evident from all aquarium shows used in this study that animal showmanship and the attribution of human qualities to marine mammals is no longer a primary concern. Upon the advent of stronger animal welfare concerns and a changing public perception of animals, whale and dolphin shows have been educationally enhanced. Shows that use entertainment to draw in visitors also include more natural history lessons, where scientific facts about marine mammal biology, anatomy, and life history strategies are disseminated to the general public, in addition to discussing conservation issues. The aquatic industry is also making use of available technology to devise new and creative strategies to educate the public about marine mammals and their environment. Through educational enhancements of whale and dolphin shows and the use of technology, aquariums are expanding the outlets for public education.
Name: Kimberly Zawada
Date: Spring, l997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Professors Terrence Bensel and Michael Stevens
and Brian Hill
Title: Alternative Water Quality Policy Approaches in the French Creek Watershed
Nonpoint sources are reported to cause the majority of water pollution problems in the United States today. Nutrients, sediment, and pesticides are deposited into our rivers, lakes, and estuaries from nonpoint sources. Most of these pollutants also reach ground water. Without a clear understanding of how to control these nonpoint pollution sources, communities will be unable to change land use practices and develop strategies to protect their water resources.
Although agricultural impacts on water quality have been recognized for several decades, the current emphasis on agricultural contamination of groundwater and surface water attaches a heightened sense of urgency to the issues. The effect of agriculture on water resources was recognized early in U.S. history. However, the perceptions and urgency of environmental issues in general and water quality in particular have become more focused over time.
Early laws enacted to control pollution dealt primarily with point source pollution with little or no mention of nonpoint sources. The early policy efforts were inadequate to better the quality of the Nation's waters. The 1972 Clean Water Act tried to reverse these trends with the objective of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the Nation's waters. The first comprehensive program to address nonpoint source pollution was through Section 319 of the Clean Water Act.
The agricultural production technologies in vogue during the past couple of decades are changing and will probably be modified further in the future. Alternative approaches to agricultural policy are also beginning to become prominent in place of the traditional command and control approach of environmental policy. One such approach is civic environmentalism, a nongovernmental, bottom up approach utilizing voluntary cooperative efforts of participants.
This senior thesis focuses on northwestern Pennsylvania and the waters of French Creek to determine what agricultural policy approach is conducive in this area to maintain the pristine waters of the creek Researching the agricultural practices of the French Creek Watershed and understanding the objectives of the French Creek Project (FCP) this study concludes that through the efforts of the FCP and the citizens of northwest Pennsylvania, civic environmentalism and alternative water quality policy approaches can be practiced successfully in this region.
Name: Jennifer A. Zewatsky
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Terrence Bensel, Eric Pallant, Brad Vanderhoof
Title: Chemical Substitution in the Tool-Making Industry: A Case Study of Channellock, Inc.
For a variety of reasons, pollution laws have been unable to achieve their goals. Responding to the inadequacy of end-of-pipe legislation, environmentalists and businesses alike have turned to pollution prevention as away to minimize the effects of manufacturing on nature and human health. Chemical substitution has been a particularly useful tool for those looking to eliminate toxic substances from the environment.
Channellock, Inc. is a local company that uses methylene chloride (dichloromethane), a carcinogenic solvent, in a vapor degreaser to remove oils and grit from its tools. Because other chlorinated solvents have recently been banned or strictly regulated, the company is concerned that methylene chloride use will become much more expensive in the near future. Channellock has begun to search for an effective, less-hazardous substitute for methylene chloride.
I evaluated three possibilities for the company: to maintain its current degreasing system, to slightly modify its vapor degreaser so that another solvent can be used, or to invest in new equipment and switch to a water-based cleaner. I also tested nine products-seven water-based, one citrus-based, and one solvent-based-to rate their cleaning ability in comparison with inethylene chloride.
Because dichloromethane is a highly toxic carcinogen that will probably be phased out over the next several years, I recommended that Channellock abandon its current degreasing process. Modifying its current vapor degreaser is the least expensive option available to the company, provided that a suitable solvent substitute can be found. In the long run, even investing in all-new aqueous cleaning equipment will most likely prove less costly to the company than continuing to use methylene chloride.
Of the cleaners I tested, one water-based (Mirachem 500) and one solvent-based (D-Greeze 500) product performed best with regards to removing surface impurities from metal wrenches. However, my experimental methods may not have accurately replicated the effects of an actual aqueous cleaning system. Further, large-scale testing is needed to better judge the effectiveness of aqueous, citrus, and solvent-based degreasers so that Channellock can make the switch from methylene chloride as soon as possible.
Name: Barbara Rae Zuchowski
Date: Spring 1997
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Dr. Eric Pallant, Dr. Terrence Bensel
Title: Pollution Prevention of Wood Bi-Product Producers in Crawford County, Pennsylvania
Industrial ecology should be thought of as closed cycle where the manufacturer has complete responsibility for the material, manufacturing, eventual reuse and disposal of the product being produced. By studying the establishments that produce wood biproducts in their manufacturing operations up until the eventual reuse of these products, clear challenges and benefits are illustrated of why Crawford County is so successful in recycling this industry's waste products.
I contacted sawmills and establishments that produce wood waste, then inquired about where their waste is going, in what quantities, and what type of pollution prevention machinery is being utilized. I also asked these establishments if any obstacles or difficulties had been encountered in the recycling of their wood waste. I analyzed where most of the wood bi-products are being recycled and barriers this industry had and still encounters. Much of the sawdust and wood chips in Crawford County go to four distinct locations, Hammermill International Paper in Erie, Warren State Hospital, Allegheny Particle Board in Mt. Jewett, and Emlenton Power Plant in Clarion. There is also a high demand from farmers in the area for sawdust, it is being used as animal bedding, then spread onto fields as fertilizer.
Barriers that were encountered in Crawford County include the covering of sawdust to keep it from getting wet, the Amish Sawmills in Spartansburg not being able to own machinery that would make their products more attractive on the recycling market, and the cost of transporting wood bi-product to the distinct areas that used wood chips and sawdust and maintaining cost-effectiveness. The Department of Environmental Protection is currently subsidizing loans up to 50% to help the local sawmills buy machinery, chippers and debarkers, to make the wood bi-products more attractive in the recycling market.
Approximately 900 tons/week of sawdust, 1000 tons/week of wood chips, and 700 tons/week of bark are being produced and recycled in Crawford County, Pennsylvania.
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